The Age Of Reason Essay -- Romanticism Essays

The eighteenth century saw unprecedented growth of literature and the arts in Europe and America. Britain during this time period also enjoyed prolonged periods of civil peace that stood in sharp contrast to the bloody and protracted civil and international conflicts that lasted throughout the 17th century. Furthermore, as the rising middle classes increasingly sought both education and leisure entertainment, the marketplace for artistic production swelled dramatically. One of the most critical elements of the 18th century was the increasing availability of printed material, both for readers and authors. The period was markedly more generally educated than the centuries before. Education was less confined to the upper classes than it had been in centuries, and consequently contributions to science, philosophy, economics, and literature came from all parts of the newly United Kingdom. It was the first time when literacy and a library were all that stood between a person and education . The first half of the century has often been aptly described as the Age of Reason, the Augustan Age and the Neo-classical Age. The very description of this period as Augustan throws light on the prosperity and growth of this period, drawing a direct parallel to the affluent era of Latin literature during the reign of Augustus and in the process, claiming a similar Golden Age of English literature and arts. It was an "age of reason" in that it was an age that accepted clear, rational methods as superior to tradition. The period saw the development and growth of a new attitude towards life and more importantly towards the role of nature around us. Rationalism, as an ideology, gained importance and influenced literary works to a large extent. Rationalism as a philosophical doctrine, asserts that reason and factual analysis, rather than faith, dogma or religious teaching should determine the truth. Such a philosophy provided stability and order to the society and was hence considered as a welcoming change from the chaos that Europe had recently experienced. The Age of Reason, hence, emphasized on the importance to perceive life in a scientific and detached manner. It rejected emotion or fashionable belief and stressed on a more rational, logical and scientific attitude towards life. The discoveries of Isaac Newton, the rationalism of Rà ©nà © Descartes, the skepticism of Pierre Bay... ...ight be taken to include the rise of individualism, as seen by the cult of the artistic genius that was a prominent feature in the Romantic worship of Shakespeare and in the poetry of Wordsworth, to take only two examples; a new emphasis on common language and the depiction of apparently everyday experiences; and experimentation with new, non-classical artistic forms. Romanticism also strongly valued the past. Old forms were valued, ruins were sentimentalized as iconic of the action of Nature on the works of man, and mythic and legendary material which would previously have been seen as "low" culture became a common basis for works of "high" art and literature. Romanticism played an essential role in the national awakening of many Central European peoples lacking their own national states, particularly in Poland, which had recently lost its independence. Revival of ancient myths, customs and traditions by Romanticist poets and painters helped to distinguish their indigenous cultures from those of the dominant nations (Russians, Germans, Austrians, Turks, etc.). Patriotism, revolution and armed struggle for independence also became popular themes in the arts of this period.

Effects of Music on Human Behavior

As music has changed through out the years, artists have become much more lax with the message that they send to the public. As laws of censorship change, a separation of the public’s freedom of speech and the medias has become very significant. As the government cracks down, many artists fight to keep their freedom. With people blaming their actions on the lyrics of the music they are exposed to, this is going to be a hard feat for the artists to accomplish. Although the fight of the musical artists against the government has been going on for the past 20 years, it has become even more emanate now. Are the actions of people to be blamed on the music? What effect does music have on the social behavior? Should these effects make harder censorship laws, or is music protected by the Bill of Rights? Music has become a large part of everyone’s life. Preservation of music is very important to the preservation of the american culture so these problems cannot be ignored. The most misunderstood music is Rap. Children as well as teenagers have a hard time interpreting emotions in music (Weinberger). This misunderstanding is most relevant in rap music, because it is harder for children to relate to the artist. In cases like these, apparent or older sibling has to explain the message to the child (Weinberger). In particular, â€Å"gangsta rap† is distinguished by lyrics that often involve references to street gangs, gunplay, sex, drug use and violence, and has been accused of extolling violent behavior. Studies have found that exposure to rap music â€Å"tends to lead to a higher degree of acceptance of the use of violence. † In addition, several major rap artists have been charged with violent crimes in real life, and many worry that their actions seemingly condone the violent messages in their music. Their celebrity status also serves to glamorize their violent behavior (Mediascope). Although there is violence, sex, and drug reference in modern rock music, most have a much deeper message about life. It has been resolved that rock music has had more influence on older adolesencents then their parents do (Weinberger). Rock music is much easier for teenagers to relate to with all of their pressures and problems. â€Å"Kids who listen to Heavy Metal and Rap tend not to do as well in school, or it maybe that troubled students are drawn to these types of music† (Weinberger 99) The most rebellious music is Punk. Punk spreads the true ideas of the modern teenager through the media. â€Å"When parents look at Punk music they see everything that is wrong with their children just as their parents did† (Robertson). Parents should pay more attention to the music that their children listen to. They must also censor the music (American Acad†¦). Even with all of the violence, sex, and drug references in music, there are many benefits. Listening to music keeps the brain in shape. Listening involves learning, memory, and emotions (Ezarik). Studies of the Mozart Effect have shown that listening to music can make babies more creative, smarter, healthier, and happier (Ezarik). Some doctors in ancient Greece even believed that music was just as important as medication in treating patients (Gregory). Other studies of music, faster music tends to make people work faster where as music with long, gentle notes tend to relax (Gregory). The effects of music psychology can be seen in stores in our own community. Many play background music in order to get shoppers to stay in the store (Gregory). Music is important in adolescent lives: teenagers spend between four and five hours a day listening to music and watching music videos and name music listening as their preferred non-school activity. It is not surprising that government officials, researchers and parents alike are concerned about the impact of music on teenagers. Disturbed by the amount of violence portrayed in modern music, adults worry that these messages are contributing to the rise in violence among kids. Forty-eight percent (48%) of Americans say that violence in popular music should be more heavily regulated and 59% would ike to restrict violence in music. (Mediascope) The effects of stimulating and sedating music were determined for heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure of premature infants in an intensive care nursery. The results indicate that the calming and stabilizing effect of sedating music might help to reduce the use of sedative drugs in infants on ventilators and reduce the incidence of respiratory problems (Journal of Mus†¦). The basic rights of freedom of speech are outlined in the Bill of Rights. Do these rights also cover the freedom of speech in music? Music is a form of media and should be censored, just as movies and television (American Acad†¦). Many performers do see themselves as large role models, but they also believe that parents should take action. â€Å"How much damage can I do with a pen? † (Eminem, Rap Artist) When parents are not around, who are children supposed to look up too? (American Acad†¦) There is really no way that parents can regulate all of the music that their children listen to, but it is a start for parents just to find out what kind of music their children are exposed to (American Acad†¦). Even with these changes many bands have not received the message to clean up or get out (Gregory). How far should the government go in their intervention? Keeping records that should not be open to the public off the shelves, taking away publishing rights from some artists that go to far with their music is up to the public to decide. Many parents look at the music that their children listen to and do not even consider it music, but porn. With all the reference to sex not only in the music, but also in the music videos shown on television. Although the government has made a lot of threats to try to intimidate the music industry; many parents believe that these threats should be carried out in order to end the violence (American Acad†¦). â€Å"Music may contribute to the atmosphere of violence that some argue is generated by popular media. Critics claim that music negatively affects teenagers by repeatedly exposing them to themes such as Satanism, substance abuse, murder, suicide and sexual violence, which may be heavily reinforced and normalized by the frequency of their portrayal. Heavy metal and rap music are especially criticized for lyrics that many believe glorify violence. Music lyrics have also become increasingly explicit in the past two decades. Songs commonly make graphic references to sex, drugs and violence, whereas such sensitive topics were cleverly veiled in the past. †(Mediascope) The public, and parents, should be aware of sexually explicit, drug oriented, or violent lyrics on compact discs, tapes, music videos, and the Internet. The music industry should develop and apply a system of specific content-labeling of music regarding violence, sex, drugs, or offensive lyrics. If labeling is not done voluntarily by the music industry, then regulation should be developed to make it mandatory (American Acad†¦). â€Å"Forty-seven percent (47%) of mothers with children in public schools believe that violent messages in rap music contribute â€Å"a great deal† to school violence, and 66% of 13- to 17-year-olds believe violence in music is partly responsible for violent crimes like the 1999 Columbine High School shootings. However, no studies have documented a cause-and-effect relationship between violent or sexually explicit lyrics and adverse behavioral effects. Studies show that the preference for heavy metal music may be a significant indicator for alienation, substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, suicide risks, sex-role stereotyping, or risk-taking behaviors during adolescence, but music is not the cause of these behaviors. It is hypothesized that teenagers already struggling with those issues may be attracted to heavy metal music, because the lyrics express their own troubled feelings. (Mediascope) The music video industry should be encouraged to produce videos and public service messages with positive themes about relationships, racial harmony, drug avoidance, nonviolence and conflict, pregnancy prevention, and avoidance of sexually transmitted diseases (American Acad†¦). â€Å"Music Television (MTV) redefined music for future generations by creating music videos, and the unique fusion between rock music and visual images continues to be a hit. A 1996 study revealed that boys and irls ages 12 to 19 watch MTV for an average of 6. 6 and 6. 2 hours each week, respectively. But despite music videos' popularity among adolescents, many adults criticize the medium as studies show that music videos often contain violence, sexism, suicide and substance abuse. A 1998-1999 study revealed that music videos were more violent than feature films and television, averaging four violent scenes each, and a 1997 study reported that 22. 4% of MTV videos contained overt violence and 25% depicted weapon carrying. (Mediascope) Pediatricians should counsel parents to become media-literate. This means watching television with their children and teenagers, discussing the content with them, and initiating the process of selective viewing at an early age (American Acad†¦). What actions has the government taken to get the ball rolling on these problems many people are wondering? The government has set up a rating system for music. As with movies, it is separated into age groups that are mature enough to listen to the content of the album. The government has also required a label to be placed on albums with explicit content. The label simply states â€Å"Parental Advisory Explicit Content† (VH1, 100 most†¦). Although the government has taken a few steps, there is much more that could be done. As for the laws that are involved none are truly enforced out of fear of a lawsuit, or problems involving the loss of support to pass these laws by the music industry and the artists. As ideas and times change in the world, the message in music will also change. Looking back in the past few years the change in music has been very substantial, with the introduction of new music such as techno. Music may be stepping away form violence by itself. If music does take this step away, all by itself, there may be no reason for the government to intervene with censorship. There is no reason why people should be able to get away with their actions because of listening to music. Music may have a substantial effect on many people, but everyone knows the difference between right and wrong, fact and fiction.

Odysseus and the Gods - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 593 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category People Essay Level High school Topics: Odysseus Essay Did you like this example? How long would have Odysseus survived without any help from the gods. Without them, The Odyssey would most likely be a very short story. The gods help Odysseus in many ways, but they also made his adventure tougher. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Odysseus and the Gods" essay for you Create order Odysseus might not have survived as long without the gods by his side. The gods that affect him the most were Athena, and Hermes. All humans show so much respect to the gods because the gods are listening and will help if it is necessary. Odysseus had to show them respect too because of all the help that they give him. With their help the story is complete, and lended Odysseus the strength to continue. The gods give him great examples and also made him try his hardest not only to see his family but to make the gods proud. Hermess actions are powerful and left a good mark in the journey. He is a working messenger and sends a message for Calypso to release Odysseus from her island. That said, the keen-eyed messenger was quick (96). He also gives Odysseus the moly plant which allows him to overcome Circe and remain a man instead of becoming insane. Hermes acts as a great example for Odysseus to have for the rest of his journey. Odysseus would never get out of the island if it wasnt for Hermes. He needs the most help he can get and Hermes is there to help things go right. The effectiveness of his actions caused great things to happen to Odysseus. Athena is the most important goddess in the story of The Odyssey. She helps Odysseus and Telemachus with their whole journey home and uses her divine powers. Throughout the story, she acts as Telemachus mentor and teacher because she helps guide him in the right direction. Athena acts very strong and caring towards others. Grey-eyed Athena set her mind on still another stratagem, so that Odysseus might come to see the gracious girl who could lead him to the town of the Phaeacians. (112) She helps Odysseus with his success by helping him in the fights, speaking up for him, and staying active. But then Athena added to her plan this stratagem. (367) Athena shows that she was willing to be active and take time to make plans for others. Odysseus was definitely thankful for all the gods and their contributions to his long journey. If he didnt have anyone to help him, he wouldve died or stayed in one place for years. Some gods didnt have as much of an impact on this adventure, but they all contributed in positive and negative ways to complete the journey. With their inhuman capabilities, they were able to use them in many ways to make this adventure very epic. Odysseus shows a lot of respect to the gods and got many decent outcomes. They were all very powerful and could use their strengths to either help others or take them down. The gods make people want to be as strong as them, so they try to do their best and beseech them to make them proud. Odysseus had so many great people and gods on his side that he could be stronger than his enemies. If they werent on his side helping, he wouldve not been able to tell his story and he wouldve been a mystery. Odysseus was definitely thankful for all the gods and their contributions to his long journey. A world without gods, religious or not, would make us humans feel empty by not having any figure higher and leading us.

The Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan - 922 Words

How much do you really know about the food you eat? Reading the book â€Å"The Omnivore s Dilemma† by Michael Pollan,†Getting Real About the High Price of Our Cheap Food† by Bryan Walsh, and the movie â€Å"Food Inc.† gave me an idea of how our food is made and what is in it. Also reading the books gave me an idea, Michael Pollan mostly talked about corn and Bryan Walsh talking about high prices of our cheap food. Robert Kenner explains how we should look into our food to save us from getting sick or becoming obese. Michael Pollans argument is how corn is in everything we eat. His claim is, most of what we eat is corn, in one way or another. Corn is in pills, diapers, charcoal, and batteries.That’s crazy. We don’t eat batteries or diapers. When we eat our food it just doesn’t taste like a ball of corn. His evidence is corn feeds the steer that becomes your steak, the chicken that lays your eggs, the pig that becomes your pork, the catfish in the catfish farm, and the corn that feeds your dairy cow that becomes your milk, cheese and ice cream. Everybody thinks since corn is a Bunn 2 vegetable it’s in all of our foods we’re eating healthier and getting our vegetables but were not. Just because corn is a vegetable doesn’t mean the corn in our food is healthy. Most of the corn in our bad foods is High Fructose Corn Syrup. It’s that sweet taste in most of our foods but just because its made out of corn doesn’t mean it s healthier for us. All that extra stuff is doing is adding onShow MoreRelatedThe Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan922 Words   |  4 PagesReading the book â€Å"The Omnivore s Dilemma† by Michael Pollan,†Getting Real About the High Price of Our Cheap Food† by Bryan Walsh, and the movie â€Å"Food Inc.† gave me an idea of how our food is made and what is in it. Also reading the books gave me an idea, Michael Pollan mostly talked about corn and Bryan Walsh talking about high prices of our cheap food. Robert Kenner explains how we should look into our food to save us from getting si ck or becoming obese. Michael Pollans argument is how corn isRead MoreThe Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan1423 Words   |  6 PagesBilger s piece, Nature s Spoils, explores the abnormal way of eating, which is the fermentation of food. It is usually a safe practice, and also produces vitamins in the making. The Omnivore s Dilemma by Michael Pollan expresses the problem of how humans select food. In How Do We Choose What to Eat? by Susan Bowerman she points out the influences on people’s life that affects their eating habits. 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In The Omnivore’s Dilemma, Michael Pollan weaves through personal anecdotes, scientific studies, and thought-provoking questions about ethics and the human condition in order to force readers to think more critically about their meals. The book’s overarching theme, addressed directly and indirectly over and over again, is that America is afflicted with a â€Å"national eating disorder.† As omnivores and citizens of a highly developed nation, we are confrontedRead MoreThe Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan2402 Words   |  10 PagesThe Omnivore’s Dilemma, written by Michael Pollan, gives light to the question, â€Å"What should we have for dinner?† that he thinks Americans today cannot answer simply due to the fact that there are too many food options. This book serves as an eye-opener to challenge readers to be more aware and accountable of what is consumed daily. In order to understand fully where our food comes from, we must follow it back to the very beginning. 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For example, I didn’t know that farmers not only feed corn but also antibiotics to their animals (Walsh 34). In The Omnivore’s Dilemma, Pollan makes a strange statement, â€Å"You are what what you eat eats, too† (Pollan 84). Pollan continuously emphasizesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Omnivore s Dilemma, By Michael Pollan2030 Words   |  9 PagesThis act increased the amount of farm land that is meant to be used in the States for growing corn from 60 million acres to a whopping 90 million acres. Such a significant increase cannot go without some kind of effect. Writer, Michael Pollan, in his book â€Å"The Omnivore’s Dilemma†, discusses the instability of the US farming industry as well as the negative environmental implications corn has on us. This instability and environmental impact has given rise to movements promoting a return to more organicRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Omnivore s Dilemma By Michael Pollan1767 Words   |  8 PagesIn the book Omnivore’s Dilemma by Michael Pollan, he talks about our national eating disorders started and the impact it has on the world. Pollan argues with the nature of its supermarket and how it is linked to our food production. In saying this where do these foods come from? What are they made of? And who produces it? His self-discoveries covers the ins and out of our food systems through industrials corn, pastor al grass (organic food), and the forest (hunting-gathering). In the Chapter â€Å"OurRead MoreAbstarct. This Paper Will Review And Discuss Michael Pollan’S1444 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma, A Natural History of Four Meals, which was named a New York Times best seller. Michael holds the prestigious title of the John S. and James L. Knight Professor of Journalism at Berkeley, as well as being a contributor to the New York Times Magazine. He also has the distinction of being named one of the one hundred most influential people in the world by Time magazine. The author will discuss the book, its references to the omnivores dilemma, but most

Discursive Essay- Abortion - 639 Words

Abortion Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy. If a woman falls pregnant and does not wish to go through with the pregnancy then she might choose to have an abortion. Abortion is a moral issue which people have many different feelings towards. Some people say it is okay to abort a baby but other individuals are strongly against it and consider abortions as murder. Sometimes people are against it because they believe it is wrong but some are against it because of their religion, their background and the way they were brought up. People who are for abortions may have experienced one previously and think it is okay in certain circumstances. They may also know of a friend or relative who has had an abortion and realised that it was†¦show more content†¦They understand that under some circumstances abortion is considered as ‘ok’. Some of the reasons for abortion is that nearly all abortions take place in the first stages of pregnancy, when a foetus cannot exist without the mother. As it is attached by the placenta and umbilical cord, its health is completely dependant on the mothers health, and cannot be regarded as a separate person as it cannot exist outside her womb. Another reason is that teenagers who become mothers have grim prospects for the future. They are much more likely to leave school; receive inadequate parental care; rely on public assistance to raise a child; develop health problems; or end up divorced. If a teenager was to fall pregnant then a good option for them would be abortion. It would not be fair to bring a child into this world if the mother would be unable to support a family. I am for abortions, I think they are very suitable if the person has a good enough reason. I also definitely agree with abortion when it comes to rape. I think that if a woman is raped she should have the option to destroy the child. I understand that this would be very hard to determine, but I think it would be the best way to handle the situation. A woman has the right to do what she wants with her body and should be able to choose weather or not she wants a baby,Show MoreRelatedDiscursive Essay on Abortion551 Words   |  3 PagesDiscursive Essay on Abortion Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy. If a woman falls pregnant and she does not wish to go through with the pregnancy then she may choose to have an abortion. Abortion is a controversial issue, some people say it is ok to abort a baby but others are strongly against it. Sometimes people are against it because they believe it is wrong but some are against it because of their religion, their background and their up-bringing. PeopleRead MoreParents Responsibility1022 Words   |  5 PagesThis WebQuest is a follow-up lesson to consolidate what you have learnt about writing an argumentative essay. There are 2 components to this assignment: the Essay component and the Reflection component. Essay Component First, you are to research online on what an argumentative essay is all about, the grammatical features of an argumentative essay and how you should structure your argumentative essays. Secondly, you are to read the articles provided in this WebQuest and you are to figure out howRead MoreMetamorphoses Within Frankenstein14861 Words   |  60 Pagesphilosophy of science, however — on th e conviction th at ( to quote Mar ilyn Butler) ‘the academic reading-list needs qualify ing or replacing with a form of newspaper and jour nal-talk wh ich 15 could be thought of as current language’ — many recent essays hav e focussed more in tensively on Mary Shelley’s and the novel’s relation to the immed iate d iscover ies and controversies of the contemporary scientific world: The fluid boundary between death and life — a dominan t theme in th e bio-medicalRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7Read MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 Pagesare any statements that are made concerning a particular discourse strand.[10] The selection of discourse fragments we use in our communication practices forms our individual perception of the truth concerning a specific discourse strand, i.e. our discursive position.[11] Figure 1 – The Dissection of Discourse Michel Foucault has done years of research on how ‘truths’ have come into being and on what role social practices and relationships play in this process.[12] Foucault argues that social practicesRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesconstitute Chapter 5 was first read, and the Festival of the New Cinema (Pesaro, Italy), which organized the round-table discussion during which the last chapter in this volume was originally presented. The idea of bringing together a number of my essays in a single volume, thus making them more easily available, originated with Mikel Dufrenne, Professor at the University of Paris-Nanterre and editor of the series in which this work was published in French. He has my very warm gratitude. C . M. Cannes

Health Information Ethics And Law †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHealth Information Ethics and Law. Answer: Introduction: Trust between patients and doctors considered as a keystone in maintaining proper care within the setting in which patients safety or privacy nowadays gained a substantial space in the healthcare system. In this regard, the common law and statute has included the confidentiality and privacy of health of the patients, which is also supported by medical ethics guidelines. Patients privacy is often considered to be paramount, but in some circumstances the privacy of patients health information could put public health at risk (Fitzroy Legal Service, Inc, 2016). Ethical principles are to be added to the common health standards (Harman, 2006). The purpose of this essay is to focus on the impact of patients health confidentiality on the healthcare system. Discussion In the healthcare system, confidentiality is often refers to the responsibility of professionals, who can access the records of patients or any kind of communication to keep the records in confidence manner. The professional responsibility to keep the patients records in confidence is also supported by Professional Association Codes of Ethics. In this context, it is stated that confidentiality is regarded as the communication between health professionals and patients or between a nurse and other health professionals (UIC, 2016). Health Information Technologies Healthinformationtechnologiespresentincreasedrisktopatientorclienthealthinformationprivacy. Health information technology has changed the healthcare systems through the use of technologies such as electronic medical reports and prescriptions, which has provided more satisfactory and quick service to the patients along with better outcome (Rowe Calnan, 2006). Healthcare information technology is an electronic system plays a significant role of healthcare professionals. The system includes, electronic health records, which allows the professionals to keep a track of all the patients health conditions. The technology focuses to enhance the health results, recovery in patients health, smarter spending and maintaining trust within the patients. A patient might not support the health information system, which influences them to feel that the privacy or confidentiality and the accuracy of digital health information can be a risk. The healthcare systems can suffer if breach occurs in the health information, which would make the healthcare institution to lose its reputation in the domain. Health record refers to the key storage for patients health information based on which professionals can treat the patients according to their medical history (The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information technology, 2015). Installing the health information technology in healthcare institutes may have privacy concerns due to theft and hackers as well as illegal access to the patients information (Herrick, Gorman Goodman, 2010). In addition to this, further risks may also include inaccurate information of the patients, in case the information recorded manually afterwards. It may also happen in certain circumstances that the healthcare unable to access the electronic health records due to technical errors, wherein the professionals will not have any other sources to acquire patients health information. The electronic health records are often subjected to potential malpractices such as loss and destruction of data or may include false health record during the data entry. In this regard, it is observed that the healthcare professionals largely rely on the electronic health records that may lead to less interaction with the patients or lack of proper communication. On the other hand, the patients also need to have knowledge on their health condition. However, due to lesser communication they might not be provided to necessary information, which can frighten them (The University of Kansas Medical Center, 2016). Concerning the stated issue, it is further evident that the health information manager is responsible for collecting, storing, analysing and distributing the information relating to the health. The managers design and control the information systems through which they collect and produce patients reports. To maintain such responsibilities, the managers utilise their knowledge and skills to monitor diseases in the computer systems. Therefore, it can be affirmed that the health information managers are the key individuals in using the medical reports of the patients, who can maintain the confidentiality of the information with the support of suitable practices for protecting the patients information (Health Information Management Association of Australia Limited, 2016). Personally Controlled Electronic Health Record In practice, Australias proposed Personally Controlled Electronic Health Record (PCEHR) presents challenges for the privacy and confidentiality of patients and clients health information. PCEHR (Personally Controlled Electronic Health Record) was previously known as My Health Record, launched in the year 2012. PCEHR can be defined as the online summary of the patients health information, which was accessible to both patients and professionals (2Commonwealth of Australia, 2016). The electronic health record has become one of the major advancements related to the healthcare services. PCEHR was originally proposed by the government of Australia in order to improve the healthcare systems as a whole. The system states that the electronic healthcare system can be controlled and used by the healthcare professionals as well as the patients, but it include certain unethical approaches such as revealing the patients health information for illegal purposes due to which it started to pose challenge for patients confidentiality or privacy. The protection and preservation of the patients healthcare system is solely depended on the operators. Thus, it can be doubted that the info rmation might be exploited by the authorised person in an unethical way, which indirectly harm the patients as well as the organisation (Begum, Mamun Kaosar, 2013). PCEHR refers to an opportunity for improving the continuity and results of patients health, which also reduces the waste and inefficiency in the healthcare system. The Introduction of PCEHR in Australian healthcare system concentrated on providing safe, national infrastructure in order to sustain electronic health records (Partel, 2015). Taking the reference from the above stated concerns, it is also observed that EPRS (Electronic Patient Record System) is one of the challenges that all the health organisations professionals face in current domain. To mitigate all these concern, the healthcare setting must concentrate on risk management aspect while implementing electronic healthcare records (Meranda, 1995). Confidentiality and privacy of the health information of the patient is the most essential part of the PCEHR. Healthcare system has become the most complicated setting, which makes difficult for the management to control policies relating to access of data. The electronic health record often leads to minimising the workflow and maximising the flexibilities. The operators can also access the information breaching the privacy and confidentiality agreements. Thus, to address this type of risks, it is essential to recognise and examine these challenges relating to the present electronic health information system. This in turn can provide solutions to overcome the problems, to make successful outcome of PECHR in Australia (Yin et al., 2015). Despite the significant investment by the Australian Government in the development of the electronic health record, the proposal has proven to be difficult to implement. The experts confirmed that huge support have observed for continuing the electronic health record method in Australia previously. It is also apparent that the electronic health records remained a serious part of the Australian health structure and still continue to develop the process to enhance the overall outcome. To meet the challenges of the electronic health records, the Australian government allocated 140.6 Australian dollars to support the PCEHR in the budget of 2014-2015 (1Commonwealth of Australia, 2016). Trust in Healthcare System TrustisacriticallyimportantfactorinthemanagementandhandlingofpatientsandclientshealthinformationinAustralia. Trust in healthcare is an essential factor in building relationship between the patients and the healthcare professionals. In previous era, wherein the involvement of technology was comparatively lesser, trust between the healthcare professionals and patients was high. This is largely because of the status of doctors and dedication towards the patients. Prior to implementing technologies in the healthcare system, the professionals believed that trust is the most essential part in order to encounter healthcare problems as well as serving satisfactory service to patients (European Public Health Association, 2016). The patients have the right to know about their health information confidentiality and the process of maintenance. In this context, the question may arise regarding the effectiveness of the confidentiality and the privacy of health information that has been created by the healthcare professionals. It has become the most vital issue specifically in the NSW, IVF, Australia Pty Ltd (Mair, 2008). In this regard, the healthcare information manager is responsible for maintaining trust between the patients and the healthcare system by collecting, aggregating, analysing and maintaining the information regarding their health. The managers are also responsible for representing patients interests with regards to the confidentiality and privacy. The patients trust towards the healthcare professionals in safely keeping the information related to their health information is also ensured by them (Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, 2016). Conclusion The privacy of healthcare information is essential in the healthcare systems. Confidentiality and privacy of the patient health information help to builds trust between the patients and the healthcare professionals. In this regard, the introduction of advanced technologies in the healthcare system has made it possible to ensure that the records are maintained in proper way and maintain a reliable relation with its patients. This further helps in providing adequate care along with proper medication to the patients by analysing their previous health conditions. The introduction of PCEHR by the Australian government has been able to give detailed summary on the patients health information based on which it is stated that PCEHR has become one of the most used technology for controlling the private and confidential information of the patient as well as for eliminating malpractices of health information. References Begum, M., Mamun, Q. Kaosar, M., 2013, A privacy-preserving framework for personally controlled electronic health record (pcehr) system, Australian eHealth Informatics and Security Conference, pp. 1-10. 1Commonwealth of Australia, 2016, Digital health division, Home, viewed 31 August 2016, https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/eHealth-Division-EHD-1 2Commonwealth of Australia, 2016, My health record, The Department of Health, viewed 31 August 2016, https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/ehealth-record Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates, 2016, Administrative and information managers, Health Care Team, viewed 31 August 2016, https://www.ecfmg.org/echo/team-admin-info-mgmt.html Fitzroy Legal Service, Inc., 2016, Privacy and confidentiality, The Law Handbook 2016, viewed 31 August 2016, https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/09_01_04_privacy_and_confidentiality_/ Harman, L. B., 2006, Ethical challenges in the management of health information, Jones Bartlett Learning, United States of America. Health Information Management Association of Australia Limited, 2016, Representing health information professionals since 1949, HIMAA, viewed 31 August 2016, https://himaa2.org.au/?q=node/96 Herrick, D. M., Gorman, L. Goodman, J. C., 2010, Health information technology: benefits and problems, National Center for Policy Analysis, no. 327, pp. 1-24. Mair, J., 2008, Privacy laws: Who owns information compiled as part of a business?, Health Information Management Journal, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 55-57. Meranda, D., 1995, Administrative and security challenges with electronic patient record systems, Journal of AHIMA/American Health Information Management Association, pp. 5-60. Partel, K., 2003, Toward better implementation: Australias my health record, Deeble Institute Issues Brief, pp. 1-20. Rowe, R. Calnan, M., 2006, Trust relations in health carethe new agenda, The European Journal of Public Health, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 4-6. The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information technology, 2015, Revised guide to privacy and security of electronic health information, Guide to Privacy and Security of Electronic Health Information, pp.1-62. The University of Kansas Medical Center, 2016, Risks and benefits of electronic health records, Health Information Security Privacy Collaboration (HISPC), viewed 31 August 2016, https://www.kumc.edu/health-informatics/hispc/for-consumerspatients/risks-and-benefits-of-electronic-health-records.html UIC, 2016, Confidentiality, privacy and security of health information: Balancing interests, Home, viewed 31 August 2016, https://healthinformatics.uic.edu/resources/articles/confidentiality-privacy-and-security-of-health-information-balancing-interests/ Yin, X., et al. 2015, Health information science, Springer, United States of America.

Rizal Journey Essay Essay Example

Rizal Journey Essay Paper Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Rizal’s Life. Works and Writings Rizal Law and the Teaching of Rizal Course|Republic Act of 1425Or Rizal Law| * Mandates the instruction of the life. plants and Hagiographas of Rizal in all schools in the state. | Jose P. Laurel | * Sponsored the jurisprudence because Rizal was the laminitis of Filipino nationality and the designer of the Filipino state. * Believed that by reading and analyzing Rizal’s life. instructions and Hagiographas. Filipino young person will derive incorruptible assurance. way. bravery and finding. | Aims of Rizal Law ( 1956 ) | * To rededicate the lives of the young person to ideals of freedom and patriotism. * To pay testimonial to our national hero for giving his life and works in determining the Filipino character. * To derive an inspiring beginning of nationalism thru the survey of Rizal’s life. plants and Hagiographas. | †¦Goals by the Board of National Education ( Capino et al. 1997 ) | * To acknowledge the relevancy of Rizal’s ideals. ideas. instructions and life values to present status in the community. * To use Rizal’s thoughts in the solution of daily state of affairss and jobs in modern-day life. * To develop an apprehension and grasp of the qualities. behaviour and character of Rizal. * To further the development of moral character. personal subject. citizenship and vocational efficiency among the Filipino young person. | Rizal. An American Sponsored Hero| We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal Journey Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal Journey Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal Journey Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Constantino ( 1969 ) | * Claims that Rizal was an American-sponsored hero. | Taft Commission of 1901| * Not the Filipino people chose Rizal to go our country’s national hero. | Contenders of the Title of National Hero| * Rizal. Aguinaldo. Bonifacio and Mabini| Act No. 137| * Organized a politico-military territory and named it as the state of Rizal in award of the most celebrated Filipino. | Act No. 243| * Authorized a public subscription for the hard-on of a memorial in award of Rizal at Luneta. | Act No. 345| * Set aside the day of remembrance of Rizal’s decease as a twenty-four hours of observation. | Agoncillo ( 1986 ) | * Rizal was accepted as a national hero to the Americans because he was the symbol of assimilation. which was the American policy so in the Philippines. | Factors harmonizing to Constantino ( 1969 ) that affected Rizal’s acceptableness as official hero of the Philippines| * Rizal was already dead when the Americans began their aggression in t he Philippines. * No embarrassinganti-American citation could of all time be attributed to Rizal. * Rizal’s dramatic martyrdom had already made him the symbol of Spanish subjugation. | Guerrero ( 1998 ) | * Asserts that it is the Filipinos who have chosen Rizal to be the symbol of our patriotism as a people even before he died. * Rizal was the first Filipino. | Guerrero’s Conclusions| * Since the Filipinos love peace. they have chosen to amplify a adult male of peace above the work forces of war. * Because Filipinos are lovers of freedom and justness. they have given their worship to a adult male who gave up all amenitiess and pleasances of the peace for their interest. * Filipinos prize virtue more than triumph and forfeit above success. | Rizal. Pioneer Asiatic Nationalist Leader| De Ocampo ( 1969 ) | * Rizal was the first advocate of Asiatic patriotism since he was the beginning of inspiration for the eruption of the Philippine Revolution of 1896. | Fisher ( 1962 ) | * Called Rizal the Pioneer Exponent of Liberal Democracy in Asia. * Said even before Gandhi and Sun Yat-Sen began their political calling. Rizal had already spoken out with soundness and bravery thoughts on broad democracy by his Hagiographas. * Worth and self-respect of the person. * Inviolability of human rights * Innate equality of all work forces and races * Necessity for constitutional authorities * Due procedure of jurisprudence * Popular sovereignty as footing of all political authorization. * Faith in human ground and enlightenment * Rights of the multitudes to public instruction. * Belief in societal advancement through freedom | Major Periods in the Life of Rizal ( Celedonio. 1982 ) | First Period ( 1861-1872 ) | * Rizal learned how to read. compose and listened to narratives that triggered inventive and critical thought on his portion. * He developed diligence. creativeness. reason and self-respect. | Second Period ( 1872-1882 ) | * First turning point in the life of Rizal. * He was 11 and enrolled in Ateneo Municipal despite his mother’s expostulation. * It was the period when Fathers Gomez. Burgos and Zamora were unjustly executed by the Spanish authorities. * Their martyrdom made Rizal aware of the maltreatments of the government and led him to give himself in the hereafter to revenge unfairnesss and inhuman treatments of the Spanish. * Strengthening of his spiritual foundation. * Cultivation of the thrust toward excellence * Conception of the Philippines as his homeland. *Visualizing the Philippines having light thru instruction. * Percept of the intimate confederation between faith and instruction. | Third Period ( 1882-1892 ) | * Second major turning point in Rizal’s life. * He decided to go forth the Philippines to get away persecution. * He traveled and everyplace he went. he was ever an perceiver and a pupil. larning from everything he saw. read and heard. * He took portion in the Propaganda Movement based in Europe. | Fourth Period ( 1892-1896 ) | * The last turning point of his life before his martyrdom in December 30. 1896. * Rizal was exiled to Dapitan. * He detached his connexions with political relations and devoted more of his clip in practical service and utility to the community. | Chapter 2: The nineteenth Century World of Jose RizalGrowth and Development of Nationalism |Nationalism | * ( Jackson A ; Jackson. 2000 ) A sense of trueness or psychological attachment members of a state portion. based on a common linguistic communication. history. civilization and desire for independency. * It is a feeling that drives a people together as a state. * McKay et Al. 1995 * Has evolved from a existent or imagined cultural integrity. attesting itself in a common linguistic communication. history and district. * Patriots have normally sought to turn this cultural integrity into political world so that the district of each people coincides with its province boundaries. * Patriots believe that every state has the right to be in freedom and develop in character and spirit. * It can take to aggressive campaigns and counter-crusades and can emphasize differences among people. | Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and Democracy| Black. 1999| * The rise and spread of Liberalism and Democracy was really a effect of the growing and development of patriotism. | Liberalism| * Principle thoughts are liberty and equality. * Demanded representative authorities as opposed to bossy monarchy. equality before the jurisprudence as opposed to lawfully separate categories. * Besides meant specific single freedom: freedom of the imperativeness ; freedom of address ; freedom of assembly ; and freedom from arbitrary apprehension. | Democracy| * Was bit by bit established thru the undermentioned agencies: * Promulgation of Torahsthat progress democracy * Undertaking of reforms thru statute law * Abolition of bondage * Adoption of a broad fundamental law * Supplying the citizens the chance to suggest Torahs * Adoption of manhood right to vote and granting of political. economic and societal rights to the people * The ecclesiastical and civil governments so were non inclined to allow basic human rights to the Filipinos as it wil l be disadvantageous to the Spain’s colonial disposal of the Philippines fearing that it will actuate the Filipinos to work for independency and convey down the Regime. | The Industrial Revolution| Stearns et Al. 1991| * One of the most important developments in the nineteenth century was the Industrial revolution. | Industrial Revolution| * Refers to the transmutation of fabrication brought about by the innovation and usage of machines. | Positive Effects| * Rise of the mill system. * Mass production of indispensable and non-essential goods. * Improvement of people’s criterion of life. * Greater Urbanization of Society. * Beginnings of specialisation or division of labour. * Invention of labor-saving devices. * The beginning of industrial capitalist economy * Fostering of liberalism and patriotism. * Encouragement of people’s mobility. | Negative Effects| * Widening the spread between the rich and hapless * Unending economic warfare between labour and capital * Pollution and other environmental jobs * Get downing of kid and adult females labour * Intensification of imperialistic competition between and among industrialised states. | Doreen. 1991| * To work out th e immoralities created by the industrial system. different steps were proposed by concerned sectors of universe society. | Liberals| * Laissez-faire policy or government’s non-interference in the behavior of trade and concern has to be sustained for the uninterrupted enlargement of the economic system. | Socialists| * Assert that the authorities has to command critical industries and resources. * Necessary in advancing equality of chance and people’s public assistance in society. | Communists| * Suggest that all factors of production be owned and controlled by the authorities. * Equality can be achieved if societal categories are destroyed and absolutism of the labor is established. | The Progresss of Science| Consequences| * Everyday experience and countless scientists impressed the importance of scientific discipline on the heads of ordinary citizens. * As scientific discipline became more outstanding in popular thought. the philosophical deduction of scientific discipline spread to wide subdivisions of the population. Technical progresss led people to develop optimistic religion in man’s capableness to accomplish advancement. * The methods of scientific discipline acquired unrivaled prestigiousness after 1850. For many. the brotherhood of careful experiment and abstract theory was the lone path to the truth and nonsubjective world. | The Upsurge of Western Imperialism| Industrializing West| * In the nineteenth century. they entered the 3rd and most dynamic stage of its centuries-old-expansion into non-Western lands. | Consequences of Western Expansion| * The universe became in many ways a individual unit. * Diffused the thoughts and techniques of a extremely developed civilisation. Yet the west relied on force to suppress and govern and treated non-western people as racial inferiors. * Non-western elites launched national. anti-imperialist battle for self-respect. echt independency and modernisation. * Colonized people started to asseverate their right to self-government or the right to take the sort of authorities under which they would populate. | Optimism and Confidence in Progress| Chodorow et Al. 1994| * Optimism or faith in society and man’s ability to advancement was brought approximately by the promotion of scientific discipline. the coming of steam-powered industry and the spread of liberalism and socialism. | Marquis de Condorcet| * Summed the optimism of the century in his work Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind. * Saw that â€Å"the strongest grounds for believing that nature has set no bound to realisation of our hopes† and foresaw â€Å"the abolishment of inequality between states. the advancement of equality within states and the true flawlessness of humanity. Progress was now independent of any power that might wish to hold it and will neer be reversed. †| Achievements| * Extension of human rights to many people * Promotion of higher instruction for work forces and adult females * Education for patriotism in schools * Investment in scientific discipline to function world * Improvement of public wel lness thru the constitution of legion infirmaries * Emergence of realistic literature. picturing the life of the clip | Chapter 3: Spain and the Philippines in the nineteenth Century Spain in the 19th Century|Zaide. 1994| * The nineteenth century was a disruptive century of political relations in Spanish history. * Frequent rise and autumn of ministries and fundamental laws. * Force to abandon the policy of mercantile system and adopted the individualistic policy. | Maguigad et Al. 2000| * To salvage the state from political disunity. the Spanish Crown worked out the canovite system or rotativism. | Canovite System or Rotativism| * The progressives and conservativists in Spain took bends in administrating the personal businesss of the state. | Mercantilism| * An economic philosophy based on the thought that a country’s wealth and power can be measured in footings of its stock of gold and Ag. | Romero et Al. 1978| * Spain was forced to abandon this policy on history of her felt need to follow the tendency of economic development in Europe and at the same clip velocity up the growing of her commercialism and trade. | Capino. 1977| * Spain’s acceptance of laissez-faire policy affected the Philippines in several ways. * Spain ended the Galleon Trade or the Manila-Acapulco trade in 1873. * This straight opened the Philippines to the universe commercialism * Ended the economic isolation of the Philippines from the remainder of the universe. * Created a in-between category imbued with civic bravery and personal independency which started the oppugning the maltreatments of the Spanish Regime. | The Philippines During Rizal’s Time| Consequences of the Spanish Conquest| * The Filipinos lost their hereditary lands on history of Spain’s establishment of the encomienda system. * Forced to accept Spanish civilization and faith. * This alteration was apparent in the administrative organisation of the state. societal construction and educational system of the Philippines and economic state of affairs in the nineteenth century. | Administrative Organization| Ministry of Colonies| * Thru this. the Spanish Crown was able to regulate the Philippines. | Governor-General| * Appointed by the Spanish sovereign * The caput of the Spanish colonial authorities in the state. *Represented the Crown in all governmental affairs. * Vice Royal Patron over spiritual personal businesss intending he could put up priests for ecclesiastical disposal of the parishes. * Commander in head of the colonial ground forces. * Chief executive of the colonial authorities. he was an ex-officio president of the Royal Audiencia. the Supreme Court in the Philippines during those times. * Had legislative powers. * Had the power of cumplase or the power to make up ones mind which jurisprudence or loyal edict should be implemented or disregarded in the settlement. | Actos Acordados| * Laws enacted by the governor-general. | Alcaldias| * The states during the Spanish Regime. * Divided into towns or Pueblo. | Alcalde Mayor or Provincial Mayor| * Each one headed a state who exe rcised executive and judicial maps. | Indulto de Commercio| * The provincial authorities was the most corrupt unit in local authorities so. owing to the privilege to prosecute in the monopolize trade called ______ . | Gobernadorcillo or Town Mayor| * Each one headed a Pueblo. * At first. he was elected by all married males. * Then. he was voted by 13 voters. chaired by the outgoing gobernadorcillo. * His chief duty was revenue enhancement aggregation. * To guarantee aggregation and remittal of these revenue enhancements. he was required to mortgage his belongingss to the authorities at the beginning of his term. | Romero et Al. 1978| * Each town was divided into barrios or barangays. | Cabeza de Barangay | * Headed a barangay. the smallest unit of authorities. * His map was to care of peace and order and aggregation of revenue enhancements and testimonials in the barangay. | Ayuntamiento| * City authorities during the Spanish Regime. * Governed by a cabildo or metropolis council com posed of a metropolis city manager ( alcalde en ordinario ) . councilors ( regidores ) . head constable ( aguacil city manager ) and a secretary ( escribano ) . | Spanish friar| * A cardinal figure in the local administrative set-up ( Schumacher. 1997 ) * Because of the brotherhood of the church and province in the Philippines. a rule upon which the Spanish colonial authorities in the state was founded. * Oversing representative of the Spanish authorities for all local personal businesss. * Practically the swayer of the town as he was the local school. wellness. prison. inspector and inspector of histories of the gobernadorcillos and cabeze de barangays. * His blessing was required in nose count lists. revenue enhancement lists. lists of ground forces draftees. and registry of births. deceases andmatrimonies. | Frailocracia| * Friars became more powerful and influential that even civil governments feared them. * Termed by Lopez Jaena. | Guardia Civil| * Another establishment feared in the Philippines. * Organized in1867. as a corps of native constabularies under the leading of Spanish officers for the intent of covering with criminals and renegades ( Maguigad et al. 2000 ) | Filibusteros| * Enemies of the authorities. | Erehes| * Enemies of the Catholic Church. |Audiencia Real| * Vested the judicial power of the authorities. * The Supreme Court during those times and the lower tribunals ( De Leon. 2000 ) . * Highest tribunal in the Philippines. * Besides served as a forum for settling of import issues on administration and an auditing bureau of the fundss of Spanish colonial disposal in the state. | Residencia| * The test of an surpassing governor-general to account for his Acts of the Apostless during his term of office of office. | Visitador| * Investigating officer to examine on ailments against the governor-general. he was non able to defy corruptness for his personal advantage. | Capino. 1977| * Another beginning of failing and maltreatment of Spanish authorities was the widespread merchandising of lower place to highest bidders. | The Social Structure of Filipino Society| Romero et Al. 1978| * Philippine society so was feudalistic as a effect of the encomienda system imposed by the colonisers. | polo Y servicio| * Forced labour to the authorities and the Catholic Chruch. | Limpieza de sangre| * Purity of Blood * The societal construction implemented by Spain was pyramidic due to the colonizer’s attachment to the doctrine†¦ ( Maguigad. 2000 ) . | Social Pyramid: | | Peninsulares| * Spaniards born in Spain. |Insulares| * Spaniards born in the Philippines. |Spanish and Chinese Mestizo| |Principalia| * Ruling category of native elites. |Indios| * Masses|Educational System|Failing of the Educational System: | * Over-emphasis on faith * Limited and irrelevant course of study * Obsolete schoolroom installations * Inadequate instructional stuff * Absence of academic freedom * Racial bias against the Filipinos in school. | Chapter 4: The Dawn of Filipino NationalismFusion of the Philippines Under Spanish Era|Reduccion Plan| * Implemented by Fr. Juan de Plasencia * Required the indigens to populate in the country near the church. | Results of the Reduccion Plan| * Spanish encomenderos found it easier to roll up revenue enhancements. * Transformed the Filipinos into law-abidding citizens. * The independency of the barangays was lost because of the resettlement of the indigens under the influence of the church. | Early Resistance to Spanish Rule| Rebellions caused by the desire to recover their lost freedom: | * Revolt of Raha Sulayman and Lakan Dula ( 1574 ) * Tondo Conspiracy ( 1587-1588 ) * Revolt of Malong ( 1660-1661 ) * Dagohoy’s Revolt ( 1744-1829 ) * Revolt of Diego Silang ( 1762-1763 ) * Revolt of Palaris ( 1762-1764 ) | Revolts caused by opposition to Spanish-imposed establishments: | * Magalat Revolt ( 1596 ) * Revolt of the Irrayas ( 1621 ) * Cagayan Revolt ( 1639 ) * Sumuroy Rebellion ( 1649-1650 ) * Maniago Revolt ( 1660 ) | Revolts caused by the agricultural agitation: | * Provinces of Batangas. Laguna. Cavite. Pampanga and Bulacan. | Rebellions caused by the desire to return to their native faith: | * Igorot Revolt ( 1601 ) * Tamblot Revolt ( 1621-1622 ) * Revolt of Lanab and Alababan ( 1625-1627 ) * Tapar Revolt ( 1663 ) * Revolt of Francisco Rivera ( 1718 ) * Revolt of Hermano Apolinario dela Cruz ( 1840-1841 ) * Revolt of the Muslims in Southern Philippines| Divide et Impera Policy| * Factor for the failure of the rebellions. * They failed to recognize that their common enemy was the Spanish| The Emergence of the Filipino Sense of Nationhood | Cause of the Development of Nationalism | * Opening of the Philippines to universe commercialism * Rise of clase media * Broad government of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre * Racial Discrimination * Secularization contention * Cavite Mutiny of 1872| The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce| John Locke’s Theory of Revolution| * People can subvert a authorities that is non working for the good of the governed. | The Rise of Clase Media|Clase Media or New in-between class| * Can be traced to the prosperity of a comparatively little category of ladino and the principalia or governing elite who benefited from the gap of the state to foreign commercialism and trade. | Broad Regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre| Carlos Ma. Dela Torre| * Was appointed governor-general after the autumn of Queen Isabella and the victory of liberalism in Spain. * Encouraged the aspirations of the reformers and abolished the censoring of the imperativeness. * During his term. freedom of address and of the imperativeness as guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution were recognized. | Rafeal de Izquierdo| * Replaced Carlos Ma. Dela Torre * Boasted that he came to the Philippines with a cross on one manus and a blade on the other. | Racial Discrimination| Indios| * What the Spanish called the Filipinos * Means inferior race| Fray Miguel de Bustamante| * Portrayed the Filipino as an single with low mental ability. incapable of geting European instruction and fitted merely to work in the field and be given a carabao in his booklet called Si Tandang Basyong Macunat. | Secularization Controversy| Secularization of Parishes| * The transportation of the monitories established by regular Spanish clergy to Filipino laymans. | Fr. Pedro Pelaez| * An insulares. who rose to the place of vicar capitular of Manila in1861. * Led the battle against royal edicts turning secular parishes over to the mendicants. * Appealed to the Queen Isabella II for ecclesiastical equality between the Spanish habitues and Filipino laymans. | Fr. Burgos| * Continued the battle subsequently after the decease of Fr. Palaez. * He exerted all attempts to support the Filipino clergy from all the onslaughts by the Spanish habitues. * Applead to the Spanish queen that the Filipino priests the opportunity to turn out that they can be the Spanish habitues. | Cavite Mutiny of 1872| Sgt. La Madrid| * Lead a mutiny with Filipino soldiers in the armory of Cavite on the dark of January 20. 1872 brought about by Izquierdo’s abolishment of their freedom from testimonials and forced labour. | Rizal and the Cavite Mutiny of 1872| Execution of Gomburza| * When Rizal heard of the martyrdom of Gomburza when he was 11 old ages old. he changed his head of going a priest and go a Jesuit male parent and dedicated his life to revenge the victims of the Spanish authorities. |